Hay fever and allergies cause misery for millions of people. While summer is a time of joy for most people, many hay fever sufferers dread the seasonal symptoms. Some allergies are present all year round, and sufferers may find their lives being ruled by their allergy. Over thirty percent of people will be affected by hay fever or allergies at some point in their lives, with many of these experiencing symptoms severe enough to interfere with their daily routine, work, sleep, study or home life.

What is an allergy?

An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts or responds inappropriately to a harmless substance. The human immune system is designed to protect us from harmful substances, infections, viruses, diseases and so on. However, sometimes the immune system misinterprets harmless substances (allergens), believing them to be harmful, and attempts to rid them from the body. This results in a variety of symptoms, commonly known as an allergic reaction.

Types of allergen

Airborne allergens cause allergic reactions in many people. House dust mites are one of the most common airborne allergens, along with pollen from grass and trees, which causes the symptoms of hay fever. Pet dander and mould spores can produce an allergic reaction in some people, although these are far less common than dust and pollen allergies. Certain foods can also cause an allergic reaction in some people.

Symptoms of hay fever and allergies

Hay fever and allergy symptoms range from a mild rash to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Hay fever symptoms typically include respiratory symptoms, such as wheezing, sneezing and a blocked or runny nose, itchy or watery eyes and an itchy mouth or throat. Some sufferers also experience tiredness or weakness.

Allergic reactions to other airborne allergens, such as pet dander, house dust mites and mould spores, are commonly similar to hay fever symptoms, although some people may experience other symptoms, such as hives, itchy skin or a rash.

The symptoms of food allergy can include itching, inflammation, skin rash, headaches, migraine, tiredness, weakness, wheezing or a tight chest. In severe cases, food allergy can cause anaphylactic shock,
a serious and potentially life-threatening reaction that needs immediate medical attention.

Avoiding pollen and allergens

Minimizing your exposure to pollen and allergens that cause an allergic reaction is the first step to managing your allergies. If you know that you are allergic to a substance, try to avoid it as much as possible. While this may be relatively simple for food allergens, airborne allergens can be harder to avoid.

Minimize your exposure to house dust mites, pet dander and mould spores by introducing a rigorous cleaning schedule for your household. Invest in a high-suction vacuum cleaner to keep dust and pet hair to a minimum. Some vacuum cleaners also have special filters to help reduce allergens. Treat any areas of damp or mould as soon
as possible, and avoid mouldy environments, such as damp forests and areas filled with wet leaves.

Avoiding hay fever triggers is almost impossible, but minimizing exposure to tree and grass pollen will help to reduce the severity of symptoms. Avoid grassy areas and places with a large amount of trees, whenever possible. Wear wraparound sunglasses outdoors to stop pollen getting into your eyes. Wash your clothes and hair when you get indoors, as pollen sticks to fabric and hair. Shut windows and doors when you are indoors to prevent pollen getting inside, and avoid drying clothes outdoors.

Antihistamines

Antihistamines can help prevent or reduce the severity of symptoms associated with most types of allergy, including hay fever. Some people experience side effects, such as drowsiness, although there are also non-drowsy antihistamines available. Antihistamines are available over the counter at most pharmacies, but stronger medications may be prescribed by your doctor.

Topical treatments

Nasal sprays can be bought over the counter to reduce respiratory symptoms, dry up a runny nose and prevent sneezing. Decongestant sprays and tablets can help to unblock stuffy noses, but beware of long-term decongestant use, as overuse can lead to the same symptoms that they are designed to cure. Nasal barriers are also available to prevent pollen from entering the nasal passage. Eye drops and sprays can help to soothe sore eyes and prevent itching.

Alternative remedies

Many hay fever sufferers find that eating locally-grown honey helps to reduce their symptoms. It is thought that eating local honey in the six weeks leading up to hay fever season exposes the body to small doses of local pollen, which helps to desensitize the body to the allergen.

According to some studies, antioxidants, zinc and quercetin (a flavonoid most commonly found in onions and tea) may also be useful in reducing the symptoms of hay fever and other allergies.

Some hay fever and allergy sufferers find relief using a range of alternative therapies, such as aromatherapy, acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine. However, what works for one person does not necessarily work for everyone else. With alternative therapies, it is often best to try different therapies to see which works for you.

In most cases, hay fever and allergies can be managed successfully by the individual. However, if the allergy is particularly severe, or if it is having a detrimental effect on your daily life, your doctor may be able to refer you for immunotherapy to desensitize you to allergens.